| 52 | 2024 Annual Report • Porphyrins and transition metal complexes • Ceramic materials • Semiconductors • Carbon supports for alternative energy applications (electrodes, electron acceptors) Abstract The dependence of the free world on fossil fuels is increasing rapidly, whereas the world's reserves are diminishing. Moreover, the effect of using such fuels on climate change, public health, and nature is detrimental. The best way to reduce and eliminate this dependence is to develop renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells and electrolyzers. For them to take over the energy market, our projects are focused on developing bio-inspired catalysts for ORR as well as improving precious metal-based catalysts for fuel cells and electrolyzers. Tungsten carbide support appears to enhance the oxygen reduction activity on Pt, showing an increase in mass activity and specific activity. A significant increase in durability was also observed with the tungsten carbide-based system. Publications 2023 and 2024 • Angus Pedersen, Rifael Z Snitkoff-Sol, Yan Presman, Jesús Barrio, Rongsheng Cai, Theo Suter, Guangmeimei Yang, Sarah J Haigh, Dan Brett, Rhodri Jervis, MariaMagdalena Titirici, Ifan E L Stephens, Lior Elbaz. "Optimisation and Effect of Ionomer Loading on Porous Fe–N–CBased Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Probed by Emerging Electrochemical Methods." Journal of Power Sources, 2024. • Or Rimon, Wenjamin Moschkowitsch, Gili Cohen Taguri, Lior Elbaz, Maytal Caspary Toroker. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Improving OER Activity of NiFeOOH Based Aerogels: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study." Molecular Catalysis, 2024. • Alisa Kozhushner, Oran Lori, David A Cullen, Hilah C Honig, Yeela Persky, Leigh Peles-Strahl, Qing Li, Lior Elbaz. "Operando Carbon Corrosion Measurements in Fuel Cells Using Borondoped Carbon Supports." Carbon, 2024. • Rifael Z Snitkoff-Sol, Alan M Bond, Lior Elbaz. "Fourier-Transformed Alternating Current Voltammetry (FTacV) for Analysis of Electrocatalysts." ACS Catalysis, 2024. • Zijie Lin, Nadaraj Sathishkumar, Yu Xia, Shenzhou Li, Xuan Liu, Jialun Mao, Hao Shi, Gang Lu, Tanyuan Wang, HsingLin Wang, Yunhui Huang, Lior Elbaz, Qing Li. "Tailoring Zirconia Supported Intermetallic Platinum Alloy via Reactive Metal‐Support Interactions for High‐ Performing Fuel Cells." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2024. • Nils Heppe, Charlotte Gallenkamp, Rifael Z Snitkoff-Sol, Stephen D Paul, Nicole Segura-Salas, Hendrik Haak, Dominik C Moritz, Bernhard Kaiser, Wolfram Jaegermann, Vasily Potapkin, Atefeh Jafari, Volker Schunemann, Olaf Leupold, Lior Elbaz, Vera Krewald, Ulrike I Kramm. "Applying Nuclear Forward Scattering as In Situ and Operando Tool for the Characterization of FeN4 Moieties in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024. • Nagaprasad Reddy Samala, Ariel Friedman, Lior Elbaz, Ilya Grinberg. "Identification of a Durability Descriptor for Molecular Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts." The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2024. • Rifael Z Snitkoff-Sol, Or Rimon, Alan M Bond, Lior Elbaz. "Direct Measurement of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics on Iron Phthalocyanine using Advanced Transient Voltammetry." Nature Catalysis, 2024. • Xuan Liu, Yuhan Wang, Jiashun Liang, Shenzhou Li, Siyang Zhang, Dong Su, Zhao Cai, Yunhui Huang, Lior Elbaz, Qing Li. "Introducing Electron Buffers into Intermetallic Pt Alloys against Surface Polarization for High-Performing Fuel Cells." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024. • Mohsin Muhyuddin, Giovanni Zuccante, Piercarlo Mustarelli, Jonathan Filippi, Alessandro Lavacchi, Lior Elbaz, Yu-Han Chen, Plamen Atanassov, Carlo Santoro. "Urea Electrochemical Production Using Carbon Dioxide and Nitrate: State of the Art and Perspectives." Energy & Environmental Science, 2024. • Hilah Honig, Silvia Mostoni, Yan Presman, Rifael Z Snitkoff, Paolo Valagussa, Massimiliano D'Arienzo, Roberto Scotti, Carlo Santoro, Mohsin Muhyuddin, Lior Elbaz. "Morphological and Structural Design through Hard-Templating of PGM-Free Electrocatalysts for AEMFC Applications." Nanoscale, 2024. • Yeela Persky, Yan Yurko, Rifael Z SnitkoffSol, Noam Zion, Lior Elbaz. "Tuning the Performance of Fe–Porphyrin AerogelBased PGM-Free Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Nanoscale, 2024. • Ulrike I Kramm, Lior Elbaz. "Modifying Fe–N Interaction to Boost Catalytic Performance." Nature Catalysis, 2023. • Leigh Peles-Strahl, Hilah C Honig, Yeela Persky, David A Cullen, Adi Dahan, Lior Elbaz. "Modular Iron–Bipyridine-Based Conjugated Aerogels as Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." ACS Catalysis, 2023. • Ariel Friedman, Rifael Z Snitkoff-Sol, Hilah C Honig, Lior Elbaz. "Simplified FTacV Model to Quantify the Electrochemically Active Site Density in PGM-free ORR Catalysts." Electrochimica Acta, 2023. • Yan Yurko, Lior Elbaz. "Advanced Impedance Analysis of Direct Quinone Fuel Cells using Distribution of Relaxation Times." Electrochimica Acta, 2023. • Mohsin Muhyuddin, Giorgio Tseberlidis, Maurizio Acciarri, Oran Lori, Massimiliano D'Arienzo, Massimiliano Cavallini, Plamen Atanassov, Lior Elbaz, Alessandro Lavacchi, Carlo Santoro. "Molybdenum Disulfide as Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst: From Atomistic to Materials Structure and Electrocatalytic Performance." Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2023. • Yeela Persky, Łukasz Kielesiński, Samala Nagaprasad Reddy, Noam Zion, Ariel Friedman, Hilah C Honig, Beata Koszarna, Michael J Zachman, Ilya Grinberg, Daniel T Gryko, Lior Elbaz. "Biomimetic Fe–Cu Porphyrrole Aerogel Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." ACS Catalysis, 2023. • Hao Shi, Tanyuan Wang, Jianyun Liu, Weiwei Chen, Shenzhou Li, Jiashun Liang, Shuxia Liu, Xuan Liu, Zhao Cai, Chao Wang, Dong Su, Yunhui Huang, Lior Elbaz, Qing Li. "A Sodium-Ion-Conducted Asymmetric Electrolyzer to Lower the Operation Voltage for Direct Seawater Electrolysis." Nature Communications, 2023. • Hilah C Honig, Lior Elbaz. "Degradation Mechanisms of Platinum Group Metal‐ Free Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst based on Iron Phthalocyanine." ChemElectroChem, 2023. • Alisa Kozhushner, Qing Li, Lior Elbaz. "Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Supports with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance
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